The Goddess of Childbirth is also known as the “Goddess of Offspring”, “Goddess of Childbirth”, “Bi Xia Yuan Jun”, etc. Cihang Zhenren is also worshipped as the Goddess of Childbirth. She is the goddess of Taoism who is in charge of human offspring. Each region has its own Goddess of Childbirth. The southern provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang and a few northern regions mostly worship Cihang Zhenren as the Goddess of Childbirth. The “Zhonghua Quanguo Fengsu Zhi” (A General Survey of Chinese Folkways) records that women in Hangzhou and other cities in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces, as well as a few northern provinces, worship Ci Hang on the 19th day of the 2nd, 6th and 9th months, believing that this is the most effective day for praying for a child. In the north, the “Taishan Niangniang” (Taishan Goddess) or “Bixia Yuanyuan” (Bixia Goddess of Mercy) is worshipped as the Goddess of Childbirth. She is responsible for granting children, bestowing blessings and protecting children. In the 39th chapter of Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua, there is a description of a ritual held at the Jade Emperor Temple, where many documents and talismans were laid out, 
including one for the “Guardian Maternal Goddess”. In the 15th chapter of Lìdài Shénxian Tōngjiàn, Bixia Yuánjū is referred to as “Shènglǎo Shènglǚ” (literally “Holy Maternal Aunt”), which suggests that the Guardian Maternal Goddess was responsible for women giving birth. The 1942 edition of the Exhibition of Folk New Year God Statues published by the Sino-French Institute of Research in Beijing also says: “Legend has it that Taishan Niangniang is the daughter of the Eastern Emperor, and this god blesses women with many children and protects children.” Taishan Niangniang is widely worshipped, especially in Shandong. Bringing children is one of her titles.

    送子娘娘又称“子孙娘娘”、“授儿娘娘”、“碧霞元君”等，慈航真人也被奉为送子娘娘。她是道教中专司人间子嗣的女神。各地区有各地区的送子娘娘。南方江、浙诸省及少数北方地区多以慈航真人为送子娘娘。《中华全国风俗志》载：杭卅妇女无子嗣者多于二月十九日、六月十九日、九月十九日祭拜慈航，谓此日求子最有灵验，水族则每月初一、十五进香拜祝，逢年过节供奉祭献，倘若意得子，则要杀猪祭祀。北方各省多“泰山娘娘”，即“碧霞元君”为送子娘娘。有送子、赐福、保护儿童等职。《金瓶梅词话》三十九回玉皇庙打醮，所铺设诸多文书符命，其中 
有上给“监生卫房圣母元君”的。《历代神仙通鉴》卷十五称碧霞元君为“卫房圣姥”，监生卫房即有主管妇女生子之意。北京中法汉学研宄所1942年版《民间新年神像图画展览会》也说：“传说泰山娘娘为东岳大帝之女，此神乃使妇女多子，并为保护儿童之神。”泰山娘娘供奉极为普遍，山东尤盛。送子乃泰山娘尊号之一。